Hard-Sphere Scattering Cross Section

Classically πa². Quantum: 4πa² at low energy, 2πa² at high energy. Neither equals classical.
1.0
8
σ_tot / πa² vs ka
At ka = 1.0:  σ/πa² =
Low energy limit → 4 (quantum, 4×classical)
High energy limit → 2 (Babinet's principle)
Partial Wave Contributions (2ℓ+1)sin²δ_ℓ
Current ka = 1.0  |  ℓmax needed ≈